International Coastal Clean-up Reaction Paper Essays

Worldwide Coastal Clean-up Reaction Paper Essays Worldwide Coastal Clean-up Reaction Paper Essay Worldwide Coastal Clean-up Reaction Paper Essay Worldwide Coastal Clean-up Reaction Paper Sea Conservancy’s International Coastal Cleanup is the world’s biggest willful endeavor for ocean’s wellbeing. Every twelvemonth. 1000s of voluntaries from around the Earth take part. uncluttering dozenss of waste from coastlines. streams and lakes and entering each bit of trash gathered. On a delightful. hot. radiant and a little spot showery Saturday. we took an interest in the Annual International Coastal Cleanup at Freedom Island close to the Manila-Cavite Expressway. It began at 8:00 am and was acceptable composed. We brought our ain packs. baseball gloves and even sticks to get the garbage with. We watched the sea shore searching for litter and discovered predominantly little pieces like jug tops. final resting place nail butts. places. shoes. plastics and froths. It was disheartening to perceive how much plastic you truly find on a relatively spotless sea shore. I can non accept of a superior topographic point to be than on the sea shore and took the self-sufficiency of taking dunks in the ocean to chill off each now thus so it scarcely felt comparative work at all and the majority of all. it felt great to help out. We cleaned for a decent two hours and at late morning. we were offered drinks and taken an interest in a gathering presentation for memory and affirmation plans. We are completely associated with the sea. Furthermore, we’re all answerable for the refuse we desert. regardless of whether we intend to or non. We joined this planetary movement that is offering back to the sea. spent simply one twenty-four hours of taking garbage from our sea shores and conduits. I can non accept of a superior topographic point to be than on the sea shore and took the self-governance of taking dunks in the ocean to chill off each now thus so it scarcely felt comparable work at all and the majority of all. it felt great to help out. We cleaned f or a decent two hours and at early afternoon. we were offered drinks and taken an interest in a gathering introduction for memory and confirmation plans. We are completely associated with the sea. What's more, we’re all liable for the waste we desert. regardless of whether we intend to or non. We joined this planetary movement that is offering back to the sea. spent just one twenty-four hours of taking waste from our sea shores and conduits. I can non accept of a superior topographic point to be than on the sea shore and took the self-sufficiency of taking dunks in the ocean to chill off each now thus so it scarcely felt comparative work at all and the vast majority of all. it felt great to help out. We cleaned for a decent two hours and at late morning. we were offered drinks and taken part in a gathering introduction for memory and accreditation goals. We are completely associated with the sea. What's more, we’re all answerable for the trash we desert. regardless of whether we intend to or non. We joined this planetary movement that is offering back to the sea. spent simply one twenty-four hours of taking trash from ou r sea shores and conduits. I can non accept of a superior topographic point to be than on the sea shore and took the self-governance of taking dunks in the ocean to chill off each now thus so it scarcely felt comparative work at all and the vast majority of all. it felt great to help out. We cleaned for a decent two hours and at late morning. we were offered drinks and taken an interest in a gathering presentation for memory and confirmation plans. We are totally associated with the sea. What's more, we’re all liable for the garbage we desert. regardless of whether we intend to or non. We joined this planetary movement that is offering back to the sea. spent simply one twenty-four hours of taking waste from our sea shores and conduits.

Data Acquisition - Urban regenration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Information Acquisition - Urban regenration - Essay Example London City air terminal is situated in the eastern piece of London. It is between the Royal Albert Dock and the King George V Dock, two enormous docks that were worked for substantial transportation and in a moderately populated zone. It is additionally near the Royal Victoria Dock. The redevelopment venture will build the size of the air terminal and the quantity of trips to the air terminal. It would likewise have great contamination, waste, and clamor controls. There are plans to broadly expand the volume of open transportation to and structure the air terminal. This would ideally diminish the volume of car traffic and the requirement for a huge street framework. The arrangement is to fabricate a bigger air terminal that will work well for airplane however will likewise not harm the encompassing neighborhoods, docks, or stream with over the top contamination or traffic. To do this undertaking, an assortment of helpful overviews will be utilized. These incorporate a flying review, an image of the completed air terminal, a geographical overview, a hydrographic study, a recorded study, a land study, and an arranging study. These studies have some significance, however a portion of the reviews are more helpful for the undertaking than others. A portion of these studies are indispensable, some helpful, and others less valuable. The flying overview is helpful to the venture. It gives a visual photo of the region around the air terminal. It uncovers the entirety of the landforms, structures, and land utilizes around London City Airport. This is an extremely valuable overview. On the off chance that there are tall structures, radio towers, mountains, or slopes in the zone around the air terminal it will be exceptionally hard for planes to take off or land at the air terminal and a high danger of plane accidents. This could make the venture be unfeasible. On the off chance that there are private neighborhoods close to the air terminal they could be unfavorably influenced by the clamor from the airplane. Any occupied land that is near the air terminal may must be purchased

How to do everything wrong and still get into MIT, part deux

How to do everything wrong and still get into MIT, part deux According to my hit counter as well as by raw comment count, my entry on how I got here is the most popular thing Ive ever written. Therefore, even though sequels are often worse than originals (except perhaps in the case of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II wait, are you all too young for TMNT?), I decided to profile my endlessly put-upon boyfriend, Adam 07, and his admissions story. (Well, that and I took a thermo test today, and I was planning to write about tests. But Laura beat me to it.) Adam is what we like to call an airplane nerd. He likes to design them, build them, and fly them (guess who the cameraperson was on that video? Oh, it was me). Hes had a UROP in the Aerospace Controls Laboratory since his freshman year, and has been working at Draper Labs since the beginning of this summer and hes been told by one of the professors in the Aero/Astro department that hes one of the best undergrads to come through the department in the past decade. That doesnt mean he was one of those knock-your-socks-off prospectives. Although Adam was by no means a slouch in the classroom he was valedictorian of his 248-person high school class, and the first male valedictorian in 10 years hes not a standardized test taker. He took the SAT I three times, and even after the third time, his best combined score was a 710 in math and a 690 in verbal, giving him a not-particularly-spectacular combined score of 1400. (Note that he didnt get those two scores together the time he got a 710 in math, he actually got a 600 on verbal. But lucky for all of us, the MIT Admissions Office is staffed with wise, kind people who only consider scores that present the applicant in the best light.) His SAT IIs in math and science were more respectable he got a 750 in Math IIc and a 750 in physics and a 450 in writing. (Note: Adam and I are always warring about whos a better writer, and I just took the opportunity to razz him about his writing score, since I got a 790 on the writing SAT II. Me: Does that mean Im twice as good at writing as you are? Adam: Well, youre definitely not twice as good at math!) During his summers, Adam didnt have any fancy research internships or go to any summer camps; he worked for his dads construction business. He built some pretty nice roofs. He also built some nice rockets he and his dad like to fly R/C airplanes together, and when he was in high school they liked to make rockets, too. (Read: blow things up.) Adam was involved pretty extensively in his extracurriculars. He was a varsity cross-country and track runner for his high school, and was captain of the cross-country team his senior year. He was also a varsity mathlete, but he assures me that he was definitely a better track star than mathlete. Moreover, Adam has been a competitive freestyle skiier since he was thirteen at the time he applied, he was nationally ranked, and by the time he was accepted, he had been to Junior Olympics. (Adam: Tell them I got 21st [at Junior Olympics] my first year, and ask if theyve seen me on ESPN.) Adam discovered MIT during his sophomore year of high school, when he placed at the Massachusetts State Science Fair. The fair is held every year at MIT, and Adams award (a trip to a NASA shuttle launch) was presented to him by one of the aero/astro faculty members who has ended up being one of his closest faculty mentors. (Awww.) Adam swears that after the launch, he decided he wanted to come to MIT. (I am not entirely sure I believe this. After all, his childhood room is covered in things that fly planes hanging from the ceiling, pictures of rockets on the wall and I cant imagine he hadnt dreamed of MIT for a long time, considering hes from Massachusetts. I guess maybe after the science fair, he decided it was actually possible.) Once again, I reiterate: the successful MIT application doesnt require perfect test scores, or research experience, or being a National AP Scholar, or world domination in integration bees. The successful MIT application requires passion, and, luckily, you get to define passion on your own terms.

Social And Ecological Responsibility Of Business - 1528 Words

Introduction Business ethics in global economic can simply define in terms of social and ecological responsibility of business. According to these definitions, business ethics requires that business decisions should not focused on some of the socioeconomic and cultural of the decision, but also counterproductive in certain socioeconomic. This means that people who work in the business world should consider how their economic decisions affect others people, society, and even the environment. Doing business in China While talking about business ethics in China, we may find some differences in between the Western models. China, of course, is a developing country, and the culture has undergone various changes over recent years. Most†¦show more content†¦This scandal was especially embarrassing to the Sanlu group because it was purportedly such a quintessence of virtue that earned exempt from government food safety inspections since December 2005. The Sanlu Group s infant formula was certified as a national free-inspection product for three years by the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection, and Quarantine (AQSIQ). This certification means that such products exempted from quality monitoring and inspection conducted by the government, and can be added in the award on behalf of outstanding brands. However, the scandal exposed Sanlu failed to detect the chemical Melamine in its baby milk powder formula, but also failed to explain why it did not publ icly reveal the problem immediately but until September 2008. The incident became public only after Fonterra, The Sanlu s New Zealand partner, which holds three seats on the company board. Fonterra informed New Zealand diplomats and reported to the Chinese government officials in Beijing of the problem. This incident shocked the world and pointed to a deeper inquiry in Chinese society where confidential profit often trumps the community as the country races to create a market economy that has outstripped government regulators. The Sanlu Group not only damaged the reputation of China s food exports, but also destroyed the foundation of domestic dairy industry, leading to losing people s confidence in food

The Emigration Of The Industrial Revolution Essay

When the Industrial Revolution began, it quickly mechanized the working class s way of life. It transitioned the working world especially in industries like farming, mining, factories, and many other sectors of the economy. To fuel these growing industries, many people migrated from more rural areas to cities, although often new city residents were immigrants, like German, Irish, British, Scandinavian, and Polish people who were seeking better lives for various oppression-related reasons. The influx of immigrants was huge, and fueled a rampant spread of nativism. â€Å"The immigrant tide swelled rapidly: 8400 in 1820, 23,000 in 1830, 84,000 in 1840, and 310,000 in 1850.†(Wyatt 104) This nativism was a response to the increased competition for work which stemmed from this growth in immigrant populations. These coveted jobs could be very dangerous, however. The number of combined work-related injuries were sky-high, and many workers didn t survive very long. Farming and mining had the highest growth rates of all the industries – so of course some of the highest amounts of injuries.â€Å"...The production increases for industries such as cotton and iron...are far higher than for other industries: output rose by one hundredfold or more.†(More 3) The growth was self-explanatory, everyone needs clothes, household goods, and money. New scientific discoveries and engineering developments prompted drastic changes in daily life for folks. A huge change in farming began at this time -Show MoreRelatedThe Steam Engine839 Words   |  4 Pagesmathematics through discoveries in Calculus. Although this played significant roles in the scientific discoveries, it did not supersede the most important discovery of our time, the steam engine. This machine served as the main driver of the Industrial Revolution. I hereby speak in favor of the notion that this invention, the steam engine, is the most important creation in the history of man. Natural power had been harnessed since the dawn of time to perform extraneous duties. Examples of these areRead MoreEcon 515 Essay765 Words   |  4 Pagesindustrialization. List 3 negative consequences of industrialization. Did British Standards of Living rise 1800-1850? Why or Why not? How about after 1850? 4. What do data on wages tell us about changes in the standard of living during the Industrial Revolution? How about changes in consumption? In what way does looking at biological measures tell a different story? 5. (NOTE: NUMBERS MAY CHANGE ON EXAM!) Suppose the U.S. can produce 100 pairs of shoes or 1,000 lines of computer code perRead MoreProfessor Gorman. History 313. 30 March 2017. Immigration1972 Words   |  8 Pagesinto what it is today. Without immigrants, this country would had never enhanced from the industrial revolution and created an uprising in the economy. People came to the Americas from all over the world seeking opportunity and a change in their lives, however not all of them were accustomed to assimilating to the cultural standards. One ethnicity had started their migration progress through their own revolution and the selling of part of their lands. The United States’ action of purchasing Alaska fromRead MoreThe Social Conditions Of The 19th Century Essay1320 Words   |  6 Pagesthe French and Industrial Revolutions. These world changing events are mostly causing plagues for the working class. These 19th century conditions cause the people to revolt aga inst the social reforms of the existing world and reveal the need for a new social structure. The newly emerging Industrial revolution results in a shift within economic classes, which are the bourgeoisie and proletariat. The 19th century’s conditions are a result of the Industrial Revolution, French Revolution, and UrbanizationRead MoreThe Start of Americas Industrial Revolution Essay1748 Words   |  7 PagesThe Industrial Revolution did not start simultaneously around the world, but began in the most highly civilized and educated country in Western Europe – England. An empire like Great Britain was able to prevent the flow of new technology and experienced technicians to its colonies even while new machinery, like the spinning shuttle and the spinning jenny, was being used to develop textile manufacturing at home in England. The British Parliament was able to control its territories through laws andRead MoreWhen Industry Meets the Environment Essay1475 Words   |   6 Pagesdegradation of the natural environment. The industrial revolution began in Britain in 1760 (Griffin). Many historians claim this happened because of a civil unrest in the country, which transformed into a movement (Landes). Civil unrest stemmed from the poor living condition and the poverty within the area. This also happened because new technologies emerged, creating a new push for a commercial way of life. The largest component of the revolution was the use of machines instead of doing work byRead MoreIndustrial Revolution Imagine a country side, the rolling hills, and small cottages that scatter1500 Words   |  6 PagesIndustrial Revolution Imagine a country side, the rolling hills, and small cottages that scatter throughout the land. A rural life in England, while something new was approaching the once serene world. This was a new world that was defined by steel and coal. Life in the western part of the world changed forever. In Great Britain the Industrial Revolution began. It brought power driven machinery and factory organization, which led to rapid development of communication, transportation, and urbanizationRead MoreApush Ch 91650 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Chapter 9: Economic Transformation, 1820-1860 Section 1: The American Industrial Revolution How did American textile manufactures compete with British manufactures? How successful were they? American textile manufactures were at an advantage compared to British manufactures, and they were very successful. America persuaded Britain to prohibit the export of textile machinery and the emigration of mechanics. Yet, still many British mechanics migrated over to the United States because they were luredRead MoreBackground to Irish Nationalist Movement Nineteenth Century Since the application of the Act of900 Words   |  4 Pagesresentment that had developed because of British rule within Ireland. Resentment was born out of hatred for the alien leadership that the Irish nation had to adhere to, this hatred was heightened due to the poverty The underlying causes of the revolution that happened in Ireland at the beginning of the twentieth century stem from vast injustices that the Irish people suffered at the hand of British rule. ‘For the history of nineteenth-century Ireland is more than a prologue to the events of theRead MoreEuropean Nations And Its Impact On The United States947 Words   |  4 Pagestechnology that dramatically reduced the prevalence of waterborne diseases,† the mortality rate dramatically decreases. â€Å"From 1750 to 1850, despite extensive emigration to America, the British population grew from roughly six million to twenty million† supplying the large, low-cost labor force that Britain needed for its Industrial Revolution. Britain’s land contained vast resources such as iron and coal. The iron was used to build machines, ships and railroads that provided the transportation system

How can an effective PR campaign sell your products Free Essays

Introduction Effective Public Relations has never been more in need, small businesses and big businesses alike are continually feeling the pinch in today’s economic climate. With cutbacks and redundancies happening regularly across the board, clever PR tactics are NEEDED in place of expensive advertising campaigns. Advertising is in principal, a method of ‘paying to blow your own trumpet’ whereas Public Relations is a process of receiving a third party endorsement for your product. We will write a custom essay sample on How can an effective PR campaign sell your products? or any similar topic only for you Order Now In other words, Public Relations is used to build rapport with customers, employees, voters, investors or the general public. Definition of Public relations. At the most basic level, public relations (PR) simply means managing relations with one’s public(s). A â€Å"public† is any group of people who are important to the well-being of a person, group, organisation or business. For example, a company’s publics might include customers, employees, investors, and local businesses and communities. On the other hand a non-profit organisation’s publics might include members, donors, volunteers, and society at large. Writing a press release Writing an effective press release is the most important part of an effective PR campaign. In order to write an effective press release you need to first have a product to write about. Enthusiasm for said product is an important factor; if the person writing the article is not enthusiastic about the product this will come across to the reader and potentially lessen the effectiveness of the article. To begin with, a catchy headline is paramount; think about what makes the product stand out in comparison to similar products already in the market. Your headline is the first tool required in order to captivate your reader, if the title is clear and interesting then your reader will WANT to read on to find out more. Secondly, you will need a good introduction; this is key as it will outline the topic and intention of your article. Here you can use your enthusiasm about the product so that your reader can also feel the same energy. Thirdly, you will need the body of your article. This is w here you will outline the topic in greater detail making sure basic questions the reader may have are carefully answered. You could maybe draw upon a personal experience to better convey your message. Finally, you will need a conclusion to your topic. This is a brief summary of your article and a call for the reader to take action. How do they find out more Where can they buy/bookOnce you have completed your press release ensure you proof read it and read it out loud and if necessary make any required edits. Once you are happy with the article you can then distribute it to your chosen media list. Publicity stunts A magician seeking publicity in the 1900’s had himself strapped into a straitjacket and hung upside down off the roof of a building. Through word of mouth and promotion 50,000 people gathered and eagerly watched him escape and return to safety. The name of the magician was Harry Houdini. A century later, another magician seeking publicity had himself locked into a glass box and hung for 44 days from a spot located next to the Tower of London Bridge, his feat of endurance attracted huge crowds, and an estimated 10,000 people were there to see him come out. That magician was David Blaine. These two individuals from different times in history had one thing in common; they both used a publicity stunt to raise their public profile. Publicity stunts have been around as long as people have wanted attention. Richard Branson built his empire through various effective Publicity stunts. He broke a few records in his hot air balloon emblazoned with branded Virgin advertising. An effecti ve publicity stunt carried out by your business will boost your public image and improve sales of your product. Public Relations, advertising and marketing are in essence part of the same dance. All three appear to be selling something and all three overlap in some ways. The ultimate goal never the less is the same – all are designed to influence the perceptions, actions, and/or behaviours of a group of people. There’s a famous saying that illustrates these differences. If the circus is coming to town and you paint a sign that says: â€Å"circus coming to the fairground Saturday† that’s advertising. If you put the sign on the back of an elephant and walk him into tow, that’s promotion. If the elephant walks through the mayor’s flowerbed, that’s publicity. If you can get the mayor to laugh about it, that’s public relations. And if you planned the elephants walk, that’s marketing. Effective press releases and publicity stunts can do wonders for a struggling business in this harsh economic climate. In order to improve sales and boost your public image your business will have to reach a wider audience. And the only way to do this is to be everywhere your potential clients are. You have to create an awareness of your product or service on a wider scale. This can only be done through effective Public Relations. Reference Suley Khan is the C.E.O of Free-st8 PR, a subsidiary of Freest8 Entertainment and owner of www.freest8.com Author of â€Å"PR tips for increased exposure† newsletter. To subscribe, enter your information at: www.freest8.com How to cite How can an effective PR campaign sell your products?, Essay examples

Cloud Based Service for M2M Communication

Question: Write a report about the Cloud Based Service for M2M Communication. Answer: 1 Abstract We have long since left behind the simplistic machines and tools that simply relied on human effort and amplified it. Instead, we are now looking forward to an era wherein humans increasingly move towards occupying a supervisory role only in our day-to-day activities, whereas the task of actually working falls on machines. Therefore, we are continually striving to make machines more intelligent, more autonomous, and more human-like. In this endeavour, we have achieved some measure of success as far as automation goes, and this is reliant on computer systems and information exchange which is facilitated by the development of machine-to-machine communication technology. Just as a single human cannot ever hope to achieve what a large number of humans pooling together their knowledge and effort can, so does the same concept apply to machines. Computers can use pooling of resources such as processing power and share information amongst each other in exponentially increase their productiv ity. The Internet-of-Things, M2M communication, and Cloud Based Services in the context of these concepts, have been discussed further in this report. 2 Introduction Communication has always been an extremely important part of our lives. The exchange of ideas and information allows us to expand our knowledge, combine it, and accomplish much more than a single individual ever could. It can be said that the very fabric binding together human society is communication; from primitive and instinctual body language to modern, well defined spoken language, as well as other forms of communication adapted to serve different needs everyone relies on exchanging information to go about their daily lives. But this is not limited to exchanging information between just humans. In the modern age, we rely heavily on machines. (Cackovic et al., 2012). Our application of science and technology to modify the world around us is what has allowed humanity to dominate all life on Earth and bend nature to our will. Our machines, in turn, also need to communicate. Thus arise the differentiation between Human-Human interaction, Human-Machine Interaction, and Machine-Machi ne Interaction. 3 Materials Method 3.1 M2M Communication Machine-to-machine (M2M) communication refers to any exchange of messages or data directly between two or more devices over any communication channel, wired or wireless, without involving human actions to facilitate or supervise the said interaction. The concept of M2M communication developed from telemetry the practice of automating the transmission of recorded data from sensors via programmable computers installed at remote locations to central hubs of data analysis where the data collected from a large number of remote locations is stored, analysed and otherwise processed. While telemetry was initially used only in pure applications of science and engineering, it has rapidly expanded to be used in a variety of different applications, including such everyday appliances like remote controlled home heating systems and internet controlled household appliances. The Internet-of-Things is thus directly related to the development of M2M communication. (Wu et al, 2011). Therefore, we can say that despite there not existing any formal standards for M2M communication, it is still used extensively in a variety of applications and there is a significant potential for growth. M2M communication was conceived during the mid-20th century in the form of early versions of the modern Caller ID system on landline telephone services, wherein a system was developed to transmit the callers identity to the receiver. It was then rapidly adopted by various telephone companies as well as other communications services. Towards the 21st century, M2M communication could be seen in technologies such as cell phone SIMs, global positioning system (GPS), embedded Java applications, and so on. In the 21st century, M2M communication is much more widespread, with its presence seen in fields such as manufacturing, robotics, computer networks, wireless tools and sensors, spacecraft, and grid based systems, in order to achieve efficient communication and exchange of information. The various end-user applications that rely on M2M communication now include logistics, car safety, smart metering, healthcare, fleet management, and so on, in addition to all previous applications. (Wang e t al., 2012). Cloud applications and services are the latest adoptees of M2M communication technology and employ it to provide various remote machine management options in the form of the Platform-as-a-Service model. 3.2 Internet of Things The Internet of Things refers to a visionary concept wherein every conceivable object that humans interact with is connected to a network via a combination of electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity resources. The end result is that humans gain the capability to remotely monitor and control physical objects easily. Therefore, the Internet of Things allows the physical world to become highly interlinked with the digital world, leading to a greater degree of control and accessibility over it. This, in turn, is expected to lead to improvements in efficiency, accuracy and economy. The effective range of objects covered by the word things in Internet of Things is huge, encompassing everything from personal computing devices, biometric implants and healthcare services, and vehicles to household appliances such as lights, fans, heating systems, and washing machines, farm animals and crop monitoring systems, food pathogen sensors, and streetlights. Current M2M communication based systems are seen as a precursor to the envisioned level of device connectivity in the Internet of Things. (Rost et al., 2014). Examples of current applications of such technology and concepts are smart home appliances such as smart thermostats and Wi-Fi controlled washing machines, remote health monitoring devices, and smart security systems with Internet connectivity. Many of the technologies that have led to the growth of the concept of Internet of Things are closely associated with M2M Communication, and in the present context, M2M Communication is seen as the vanguard for development of Internet of Things. That is to say that it is expected that as devices and applications relying on M2M communication develop, and as standardization and improvements in M2M communication come into place, it will slowly develop closer and closer to the vision of Internet of Things, gradually transitioning from M2M communication to a detailed, intelligent connectivity of devices. (Elmangoush et al., 2013). Such technologies as are propelling this though include RFID, Near Field Communication (NFC), Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), ZigBee, IPv6, Wireless LAN and Wi-Fi, and LTE-Advanced. 3.3 Relevance of IPv6 IPv6 or Internet Protocol version 6 is the latest version of the Internet Protocol that performs the task of identification and location of computer systems in the Internet. IPv6 was developed specifically in order to replace the older version of the Internet Protocol, IPv4. The main cause of taking this measure is the issue of IP Address exhaustion in IPv4 which started off during the explosive popularity of internet commercialization in the 1980s, was delayed by the development of new address space optimization technologies during the 1990s, and has again resurged in the face of the staggering growth of devices capable of internet connectivity. Adoption of IPv6 is especially seen as a necessity for achieving the aims of the Internet of Things. (Wan et al., 2012). The original IPv4 protocol contains about 4.3 billion addresses and allocation of the addresses is managed by Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) globally, which in turn sub-sets the address space into distinct blocks assigned to five regional internet registries (RIR) over the world. Network Address Translation (NAT) and Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) were developed in the year 1993 in order to delay the onset of address space exhaustion. IPv6 was developed in 1998 and has since been undergoing a process of slow adoption and integration. In the case of IPv6, nearly 3.4 x 1038 addresses are supported by it, which is much more than the capacity of IPv4 by several orders of magnitude (nearly 1029 times greater). The envisioned Internet of Things involves connecting a huge number of devices to the internet, which includes many devices which currently do not even carry any on-board computer systems or network connectivity, not to mention the proposed development of such technology as on-body micro or nano devices for health monitoring and other similar devices which would purportedly improve quality of human life. (Foschini et al., 2011). All devices connected to the internet will require a unique address, and since the IPv4 address space has already approached exhaustion, it is inevitable that without IPv6, achieving such wide-spread internet connectivity will be impossible. 3.4 Cloud-Based Services Cloud based services have very rapidly emerged as the leading technology and service market in the field of Information Technology over the past decade. Cloud services rely heavily on M2M communication and can be considered the vanguard of breakthroughs in corporate and industry level M2M communication applications. A Cloud-based service works on the concept of making a remotely located software, infrastructure or platform accessible to clients on their local computing devices in the form of a subscription based service. The client is able to use the service to perform any and all operations related to the underlying software, infrastructure or platform as if the client actually owned that technology and it were present locally. In reality, the client is only presented with a control interface using which the client interacts with the service providers servers and all actual processing occurs on the server side. (Chen12 et al., 2012). The service providers employ very heavy duty comp uter hardware in conjunction with latest networking and virtualizing technology, including both software and hardware, to deliver these services to their clients, generally over the Internet. M2M communication is intrinsically tied to cloud based services in that all cloud based services depend heavily on networking services. Modern computer networks, in turn, rely on protocols, hardware, firmware, and software that facilitates transmission of data from one end to the other without any supervision from humans which is the very definition of M2M communication. Many leading information technology service providers as well as newly established companies have launched a variety of cloud based tools using which users can create their own cloud-based service applications. These tools provide a large number of independent functionalities that are supported by the service providers back-end infrastructure which can be combined by developers into various packages and integrated into other software technologies to create a new, unique cloud-based service. A leading example of this is the Google App Engine. 3.5 Google App Engine The Google App Engine (GAE) is a Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) cloud computing platform by Google. It is used for designing, developing and hosting cloud service web applications. The applications themselves are hosted on Google managed data centres and operate using resources provided by Googles servers. The platform adopts a sandboxing approach to allow applications to run independently and securely, while allocating resources dynamically to meet demand. Hence, as the demand on resources by an application increases, so do the allocated resources. (Chin et al., 2014). GAE supports the programming languages Python, Java, Go, PHP, and other JVM languages such as Groovy, Scala, Clojure, JRuby, etc. A number of Python web frameworks work using the GAE, such as Django, Pyramid, web2py, CherryPy, and so on. GAE is notable for providing more infrastructure than comparable platforms for designing and hosting web services, but it places more limitations on the applications thus resulting in a smaller subset of applications being supported for an equivalent framework. 4 Results Over the course of preparing this report, a number of interesting concepts were studied in detail. The detailed history of the emergence of M2M communication, how it first started developing as a means of identifying transmission sources in telephonic applications, the development of more sophisticate M2M communication applications, development of the Internet and expansion of M2M communication into the Internet of Things, were studied in great detail. This shed light on how many technologies that have become commonplace today, such as computer networks, cloud based services, and the internet itself, came to be and the direction of development they may take in the future. It was a novel experience to uncover the roots of such well known terms. On the other hand, cloud based services are often discussed in daily life, but their true usage has remained obscured. While studying for and collecting information for this report, many of these obscurities were cleared away. (Hu et al., 2012). The underlying market models and service technologies used by cloud service providers, and the reason why cloud services have jumped up into such a gigantic market force, were revealed. By studying Google Cloud Engine, a cloud-based service application development platform, many intricacies of actually implementing a cloud-based service were understood. 5 Discussion While this report covered a general overview of the various background details and technologies involved and associated with M2M communication, this field is quite broad. It is, moreover, one of the few fields related to science and technology that, though conceived so long ago, still lack standardization and mass awareness. This represents that there is a lot of scope for work to be done in this field. The reason why research in this field has remained rather slow is probably because our level of technology has thus far been placing limitations on the practical applications of M2M communication. This can either be a lack of sufficiently advanced hardware or software, or perhaps the lack of a market for such applications. However, it can also be observed that recent developments in automation and computer networking seem to indicate that the status quo is changing. M2M communication may well become the hottest topic of research soon enough. (Chin et al., 2014). The rapidly emerging f ace of cloud-based services has already propelled interest in M2M communication to a new height. This report has only been able to cover a part of the whole picture. For future such research work, it may be a good idea to explore a multitude of cloud service providers and cloud based applications, and dig into concepts such as the Internet of Things itself, smart security and housing systems, automated traffic control systems, remote medical assistance systems, and so on, as these are all potential markets for M2M based communication applications. 6Conclusion Regardless of whether we speak about humans or machines, communication occupies a position of unshakable importance. Communication controls the exchange of information, ideas, and knowledge, and is necessary to establish any form of cooperation. This cooperation can extend to connect workers on a very large scale, who can mutually assist each other in accomplishing targets much beyond the scope of a single worker. These workers, in turn, can also be either humans or machines. In the approaching era of widespread automation and heavy reliance on information sharing, our machines must be improved to become better able to handle tasks that involve such cooperation. The ultimate goal of advancement in science and technology is to improve the quality of human life, and as this quality of life improves, humans will inevitably move to occupy roles which are more creative, abstract, and supervisory in nature, while delegating the lower order tasks to their machines. M2M communication is vita l to the efforts of achieving this aim, and the time is ripe to delve into improving our current standards of technology in this field. 7 References Cackovic, V., Popovic, Z. (2012, October). Cloud based service for M2M communication. InTelecommunications (BIHTEL), 2012 IX International Symposium on(pp. 1-6). IEEE. Wu, G., Talwar, S., Johnsson, K., Himayat, N., Johnson, K. D. (2011). M2M: From mobile to embedded internet.Communications Magazine, IEEE,49(4), 36-43. Wang, X., Vasilakos, A. V., Chen, M., Liu, Y., Kwon, T. T. (2012). A survey of green mobile networks: Opportunities and challenges.Mobile Networks and Applications,17(1), 4-20. Rost, P., Bernardos, C., Domenico, A., Girolamo, M., Lalam, M., Maeder, A., Sabella, D. (2014). Cloud technologies for flexible 5G radio access networks.Communications Magazine, IEEE,52(5), 68-76. Elmangoush, A., Coskun, H., Wahle, S., Magedanz, T. (2013, March). Design aspects for a reference M2M communication platform for Smart Cities. InInnovations in Information Technology (IIT), 2013 9th International Conference on(pp. 204-209). IEEE. Wan, J., Li, D., Zou, C., Zhou, K. (2012, October). M2M communications for smart city: an event-based architecture. InComputer and Information Technology (CIT), 2012 IEEE 12th International Conference on(pp. 895-900). IEEE. Foschini, L., Taleb, T., Corradi, A., Bottazzi, D. (2011). M2M-based metropolitan platform for IMS-enabled road traffic management in IoT.Communications Magazine, IEEE,49(11), 50-57. Chen12, M., Wan, J., Li, F. (2012). Machine-to-machine communications: Architectures, standards and applications. Chin, W. H., Fan, Z., Haines, R. (2014). Emerging technologies and research challenges for 5G wireless networks.Wireless Communications, IEEE,21(2), 106-112. Hu, G., Tay, W. P., Wen, Y. (2012). Cloud robotics: architecture, challenges and applications.Network, IEEE,26(3), 21-28.

European Migratory System

Many states in Europe have reviewed their policies to suit the changing trend of immigration. France and Netherlands are such states that have moved strongly to oppose the post-war immigration policies.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on European Migratory System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Scholars observe that governments have been forced to come up with strategies aiming at weakening national uniqueness. Integration policies are preferred in solving immigration problems that have crippled the continent since 1945. Therefore, European immigration policies can be understood in terms of integration rather than nationalism. National models have been abolished mainly because they rely too much on regulations and institutions (Freeman 3). Even the more democratic states that had strong and representative policies have been urged to comply with the international immigration policies. Integration is much better beca use it means peaceful coexistence. Assimilation meant that foreigners had to abandon their cultures and follow those of French (Joppke 10). Even Germany has reviewed its segregating immigration laws hence incorporating each person in its culture. The November 2004 European Council agreement laid down basic laws of migrant integration rule, which presented a new challenge to European member states. The policies were reached at after the postwar civil liberty progression, global stipulations as well as national legal systems. Such systems ensure that individuals enjoy their rights irrespective of the country they are in or place of origin.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In other words, all states that claim to be democratic must respect diversity and appreciate the existence of other races within its territory. The EU immigration policies stipulate that foreigners must be integrated in the financial system and be allowed to access or participate in socio-political activities. This policy has been unrealistic because rarely does a society change because of the arrival of few members. In most cases, foreigners are left to struggle for survival with the aboriginal members, which ends up affecting the societal structure. Upon arrival in the region, an immigrant is supposed to adhere to EU’s rules and regulations. These include respect for human rights, supporting egalitarianism and respect of law. This means that political values are held with high esteem as opposed to moral standards. The society decides on what is right and moves to cooperate in achieving it. Immigrant’s culture and language is valued in integration policy unlike assimilation where foreigners were requested to drop their culture and adopt western customs. New immigration policies have uplifted standards since non-skilled persons are not allowed to enter any EU member sta te. Foreigners are expected to depend on themselves while in Europe. For this case, they are given work permits to seek any form of employment. Integration policies are largely accredited to the Dutch since the government wanted a constant labor force following the 1980s shortage. Overall, an immigrant must past integration test in order to be awarded work permit. Germany funded its language program in other non-EU member states. Such immigrants would be given work permits after completion of the course.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on European Migratory System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The system was highly controlled by the state in order to eliminate unwanted characters from entering Germany. Germany has a tighter immigration laws as compared to Netherlands and France. Integration is not a genuine immigration policy. The bourgeoisie in the developed countries uses the policy to exploit the poor immigra nts. Immigrants are not paid the same wages as their native counterparts. The laws were deliberately formulated to guarantee steady supply of labor. Immigrants perceived to be lazy and the physically disadvantaged are never granted citizenship easily. One of the requirements of integration test is educational qualification. The most qualified and experienced professionals are granted permits and citizenship without objection. The many refugees in various parts of the world have never been urged to apply for EU citizenship. Athletes and other sportsmen are usually lured to take up EU citizenship because of talent. It is therefore concluded that capitalism is another driving force behind integration policy. The rich want to use the skills of the poor immigrants to enrich themselves in one way or another. EU immigration policies are no wonder political. Policies aim at benefiting the elites not the society in general. In reality, there is nothing as integration because immigrants are r equired to pass integration test, which assesses mostly language proficiency. Integration policies aim at boosting the economies of host nations rather than assisting foreigners. Integration policy is not applied to all immigrants. Foreigners from the Middle East are subjected to a different policy. Even though they are Muslims, the Turks are treated comparatively better (Koopmans 27).Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, they are not given decent treatment as other members of the EU. Therefore, religion is another feature or variable that informs EU immigration policies. Although member states are allowed to enforce integration policies, it is true that regionalism has eroded state sovereignty. The EU makes policies for member states forcing them to drop domestic strategies. In the international system, the weakening power of the state is attributed to globalization. Decisions are currently made on global basis meaning that a state cannot exist in isolation. Each region is struggling to come up with policies that guarantee its future survival. Even the most powerful states such as Britain and France are seeking protection through a regional bloc. France was the second state to drop its domestic immigration laws in favor of regional immigration policies. Supranational organizations dictate what states should do. However, the international system has not changed in any significant way. The ch anges achieved are not enough to warrant a new system. The powerful states still impose policies on the less developed ones. Economic powerhouses influenced the EU to come up with policies that benefit them. France, Germany and Great Britain ensured that other EU member states append their signatures to integration policies. Some states are yet to implement the provisions of the EU immigration policies meaning that the laws contravene their wishes and interests (King 75). In this sense, realism theory manifests itself in Europe since each state wants to implement policies that benefit its people. The international system is anarchic and brutish in nature because the EU only makes policies but leaves each state to implement them in the best way possible. States have not formed a Leviathan that oversees the activities of each person. The EU is used by the developed nations meaning that it does not represent the interests of the majority in Europe (Nikolas 105). Even the global immigra tion laws are not applied uniformly. Each state including those in Europe has their on immigration regulations. The regional or global regimes exist only through the good will of member states. In case of serious violations, the global bodies have no military to intervene neither do they have independent conflict resolution mechanisms to apply in solving tensions. Immigration therefore is a global issue that needs to be addressed by states not global institutions. Works Cited Freeman, Gary. â€Å"Immigrant Incorporation in western Democracies.† International Migration review, 38.3, 2004, 945-969. Joppke, Christian. â€Å"Beyond national models: Civic integration policies for immigrants in Western Europe†. West European Politics, 30.1, 2007, 1-22. King, Desmond. In the Name of Liberalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. Koopmans, Ruud. â€Å"Migrant Mobilization and Political Opportunities: Variation Among German Cities and a Comparison with the United Kingdom a nd the Netherlands.† Journal of Ethnic and Migration studies, 30.3, 2004, 449-470. Nikolas, Rose. Powers of Freedom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. This essay on European Migratory System was written and submitted by user Damon P. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to cut the cowardly language and say what you mean

How to cut the cowardly language and say what you mean Cut the cowardly language Cowardly writing is the linguistic equivalent of your unreliable ex. It avoids committing. It leads you astray. It wastes your time. And it evades all entreaties to be straightforward or say what it really thinks. You can recognise it by its long sentences, convoluted structure and overuse of words and phrases such as ‘clearly’, ‘it may be assumed that’ and ‘there is evidence that’, with no verifiable evidence in sight. These vague, deceptive or empty proclamations are also known as ‘hedges’ or ‘weasel words’ (so called because of weasels’ habit of sucking the insides out of eggs, leaving a shell that still looks full). Linguistics professor Ken Hyland defines hedging as ‘any linguistic means used to indicate either a) a lack of complete commitment to the truth value of an accompanying proposition, or b) a desire not to express that commitment categorically.’ Â  The hedging writer distances themselves from their own content, either out of insecurity or a lack of knowledge: ‘it may be believed that’ is a big, frightened step away from ‘I believe that’. Come out, come out So why do people hide behind woolly wording? Well, because actually saying something can be scary. It puts you at risk: of being questioned, proved wrong, or held accountable. Long, overly complex sentences and unnecessary jargon are often a sign that someone’s trying to hide something – perhaps the fact that they don’t know what they’re talking about. And even if they do know, it’s going to look to the reader like they don’t or that they’re a bit shifty. Editor Patrick Neylan lives up to his Twitter handle @AngrySubEditor on the subject of cowardice in language, and the causes behind it. ‘Usually [the writer’s] only goal is to have written To have been understood is a worry. To have inspired action in others is terrifying.’ Pull the wool Of course, the whole point of writing is to inform and inspire, not confound. And if your writing goal is to persuade or encourage your reader to take action, you’re more likely to achieve this if you are clear and sound authoritative. So here’s how to pull the wool from your writing – and therefore your readers’ eyes: Start by knowing what you actually want to say: do your research, plan, and structure logically. Ask yourself the all-important questions: who, where, why, what, how – and how much does it cost? And dont start writing until youre firm on the answers. Avoid the temptation to cover your back. Never mind ‘it could be said that’: are you saying it or not? Be direct – don’t qualify everything with ‘possibly’s and ‘perhaps’s (unless you’re making the point that something is uncertain): state facts, reference them, and note their implications. Use the most direct words possible to make the relation between things clear, eg ‘because’ not ‘due to the fact that’. Favour simple sentence structure (subject-verb-object) wherever possible, eg ‘Prices have fallen.’ Remove words and phrases that add nothing but ink. For example, ‘consensus of opinion’ (just ‘consensus or ‘opinion’ will do), ‘as is explained below’ (are you explaining it twice?), ‘as the case may be’, and ‘at the overall level’. Speaking of inspiration, we could all do with some. Consider then, these wise words from Chinese artist and political activist Ai Weiwei,: ‘Say what you need to say plainly, and then take responsibility for it.’ Or, with @AngrySubEditor’s tough love approach: ‘(Wo)man up; say what you’ve got to say, say it briefly, then shut up.’ Image credit: Elena Yakusheva / Shutterstock

Readmission essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Readmission - Essay Example I had to undergo a lot of stress and due to this aspect, I had a double mind. I know now that I should have given priority to my studies and then to my girlfriend, but within the thick of things I just could not do what I should have carried out. I regret the inconvenience that it caused to the Purdue University but I am sure nothing of this sort will ever happen again, as I have realized the gravity of the mistake that I had committed. I have fortunately overcome the situation that I was engulfed within. Now I can concentrate whole-heartedly towards my studies and this is the single most significant reason why my academic record shall increase in the coming times. I am sure that I will improve on my record if I am given a chance to showcase my true skills and mettle. This is in line with my vision to set things right within my study realms. I have an undecided major within the university but I am certain that I shall take one up as soon as I am allotted the readmission that would put me in a better position to comprehend the study nuances. For this, I need to be within the university itself to decide which major would be deemed as the most significant one and where I shall achieve success in the coming times. As for now, I am still undecided because I need to learn on my own and acquire more skills because this will set the ball rolling for my career. Ever since I was dropped from the Purdue University, I have gained fresh insights. I have realized that education is the basis of every human success that is achieved in this day and age. I have also come to terms with the comprehension that I need to set my own house in order before delving into other zones. Also my priorities should be straight so that I could achieve what I direly need for myself. This is something that could be seen as a positive within my personality which has come about in the recent times. In the end, I would request the management at the

Anthropology Questiuons Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Anthropology Questiuons - Assignment Example The people of Tiv show frustrations because they believe that they know the meaning of the story better than Bohannan. The differences in understanding of Hamlet are brought about by the fact that the locals do not understand things such as ghosts. These people also believe that water is a good thing and thus they do not believe that someone can drown in the same water. The central points within Hamlet seem to be meaningless in Tiv because the audience have different meanings and understanding of the story. The customs of the Tiv makes them find it alright that Claudius should marry the wife of his brother. From her experience in Africa, Bohannan comes to learn that different cultures understand things differently and as a result there are no values which can be considered to be universal. Womb as Oasis is a story which is based on an ethnographic research which was conducted in Hofriyat which is a village in Sudan. The author went to do the research while aware that females within t he village were taken through genital mutilation rituals but what she witnessed during her visit was way far from expectations. The researcher considered the ritual and the custom of female genital mutilation within this village to be meaningless. As days went by, the perception of the researcher for the female genital mutilation began to change as its significance began to be understood and thus its appreciation. The people within the Hofriyat practice Muslim religion and culture and are presented as having strict beliefs. The people of the village organize themselves into groups but few of them are corporate. Endogamy is practiced in the village with people marrying a close kin and preferring marrying people who did not live far away (Boddy 13). The story presents arguments which help the reader to understand the reason why the Hofriyat people persist on keeping their Pharaonic circumcision culture. Regardless of the pressure that the villagers get for the eradication of the custo m of female genital mutilation, the reasons why they keep it is described to enhance the understanding of the audience. The Pharaonic circumcision within this village is described as being related to the value of â€Å"enclosedness† which the customs and beliefs of the villagers stress within their cultural idioms. The assertion of the paper argues that the Pharaonic circumcision is meaningful for those who go through it because it de-emphasizes the concept of female sexuality while putting emphasis on fertility (Boddy 24). Question 3 The issue of space in the Nationalist Rhetoric of the Hellenic is described within ideological convergences on the politicizing cultural, educational and symbolic structures. The emphasis however lies in the need for cultural protectionism within Greece (Kaldellis 220). The National Rhetoric tries to explain the evolution of Greece and the mixed ideologies which result into disputes with Macedonia. The dispute that occurred between Greece and th e new republic of Macedonia caused challenges in international relationships. The Usage of the name

Treaty On The Non Proliferation Of Nuclear Weapons Politics Essay

Treaty On The Non Proliferation Of Nuclear Weapons Politics Essay Without any doubt nuclear technology has molded the modern world. Political and military power has been redefined, so too have alliances and enmities been reshaped to fit a world defined by such a destructive technology. On examination of various sources, it will become evident that the introduction of nuclear power not only led to the definitive shift of super-power status from France and Britain to America, but also the struggle to emerge as and the eventual prevalence of America over the Soviet Union as the unstated world leader. In light of this political and military hierarchy, nuclear technology has been the foundation for alliance and antagonism between nuclear states, non-nuclear states and suspected nuclear states. The non-proliferation treaty and the terms it encompasses have created a mitigating body of confederates but also the alienation of non-conformist countries. Below it will be discussed with reference to multiple sources how our world has we know it has evolved into a sensitive scale; held in balance by Mutually Assured Destruction, and at constant risk of tipping due to the decreasing applicability of M.A.D. theory to newly empowered nations. Review Of Literature Summary Of Evidence Source A: The Rise of U.S. Nuclear Primacy Evident immediately in the source is the role nuclear capability had in arousing tensions, but preventing an escalation into all out war, between the United States and The Soviet Union. The military capability on both sides of the Iron Curtain dictated that hot war would lead to the annihilation of both super-powers. Thus, the immense fear of the opponent led to massive tensions arousing between the two largest military powers of the time. While it can be argued that M.A.D. resulted in a relatively stable environment, due to the absence of direct, armed conflict between the nuclear giants, many have criticized the restrictions that M.A.D. placed on America. In fear of self-destruction, the U.S. was unable to topple the Soviet regime, and therefore M.A.D. propagated the survival of an evil empire. However, the balance of military capability is beginning to favor the west. America is on the verge of surpassing the nuclear ability of China and Russia. Consequentially, the United States sits at the top of the international hierarchy; emerging as an unstated world leader. Source B: Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Nuclear technology has opened up a forum for discussion and engagement between many, otherwise unrelated, countries. Originally signed by fifty-nine states and the three primary signatories; the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union, the nuclear non-proliferation treaty has led to an alliance between the world powers and many developing nations. As a tacit requirement of the treaty, countries with nuclear capability are obliged to assist developing signatories in the pursuit and construction of civilian nuclear power. This cooperation was unseen before July 1968 and can be attributed to the discussions around the restriction of nuclear armament. Conversely, those who have not opted to accept the treaty have imposed a rift between themselves and the signatories defined by a distrust of their nuclear intensions. India, Pakistan and Israel are the only three countries to have refused to partake in the NPT, and later North Korea (a former signatory) renounced the treaty in the name of pursuing a nuclear program. Thus, the alliance and cooperation amongst signatory states does not extend to the aforementioned outliers. The inequality of the NPT outlines the international hierarchy established within the confines of nuclear politics. The nuclear powers (in effect, America) were not required to renounce their nuclear arsenal whereas nonnuclear nations were obliged to forgo any nuclear development. This preferential agreement displays the influence and authority accompanying nuclear ability. Source C: Iran Tests Missiles Amid Nuclear Tensions In September of 2009 two noteworthy events occurred in Iran. President Ahmadinejad announced Iranian intention to build a second uranium enrichment facility, and the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps began testing a range of missile-launching systems. Normally, the USA tends to encourage the development of defense forces in order to build good will between nations. However, coupled with Irans pursuit of nuclear technology (of military capability disguised as a civilian power program according to American theory) has led to an incredibly fearful and skeptical response from the west. I see it as a significant step forward in terms of Irans capacity to deliver weapons. Said Gary Samore special assistant to the president on nonproliferation. Most worrying is the news that Iran may now possess surface-to surface missiles capable of delivering a nuclear warhead to parts of Europe. The cautious view of Iran and its intentions would undoubtedly have escalated tensions within Europe, and further Alienated the United States. Source D: Saudi Arabia Wont Wait For West On Irans Nuclear Program Revealed through wikileaks was the growing tension within the Middle East between previously allied states. Countries such as Jordan, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia have gravitated towards The United States in the hope of a military intervention in Iran. However, the circumstances of the time (economic and political) have led to America Taking a far softer stance in regard to the Iranian nuclear program sanctions. This approach has been largely dismissed by Iran, which has now revealed a third nuclear reactor and has declared no intention to forgo their nuclear projects. The growing confidence of Iran, which has faced no tangible consequences, has bolstered the certainty of subversive groups. The backing of these protà ©gà ©s by Iran has led to an increasing threat from terrorist organizations and separatist groups further exacerbating tensions and fear within the Middle East. This fear has led to two scenarios: Firstly, many countries have gravitated towards the nuclear power Pakistan; in the hope of protection and deterrence. Secondly, countries such as Saudi Arabia have opted to join the nuclear ranks and enter into the arms race for themselves. In order to kick-start this project, the close relations between Pakistan and its allies have led to discourse regarding the assistance in nuclear development. The primary fear is the possibility of nuclear weapons falling into the hands of illegitimate groups, where the threat of an attack is exponentially compounded. The logical course of action is the continued decay of stability, relations and security the world over all due to the nuclear development in previously unintimidating countries. Source E: Iraq Defeated Militarily 26th February 1991 Iraq gave way to United Nations forces and surrendered. This marked the end of the official the Persian-Gulf War of 1990, although lesser fighting continued to take place until the 28th. Iraq was being dominated militarily and was left no choice but to retreat under fire from a primarily American, armed attack. Extensive force was used to the point where Iraqi militants were being annihilated. Many attacks were thought to have left no survivors. Between twenty and twenty-six thousand Iraqi militants are thought to have been killed, as well as two thousand three hundred civilians. This military defeat is considered to have been a total domination favouring the Western forces. This source outlines the tangible impact of military force where diplomacy and discourse have failed. Although Iraq refused to abide by the demands of the UN to withdraw from Kuwait, there was no other choice by February 1991. Source F: Member States of the IAEA The International Atomic Energy Association was founded on29th July 1957 by 18 states amongst which were America, Russia and South Africa. Following Dominica and Papua New Guineas joining of the Agency in 2012, the IAEA now has 154 members. India and Pakistan are both members of the IAEA and Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea withdrew from the agency on the 13th June 1994. Source G: The IAEA Mission Statement The IAEA is a branch of the United Nations that serves as a forum for nuclear cooperation. The agency assists its member states with the development of nuclear technology for peaceful uses i.e. generating electricity. All member states are bound by the non-proliferation treaty and are bound to only use their acquired knowledge for non-military purposes. As the IAEA is made up of many different countries of varying nuclear capabilities, there would be a large amount of interaction between countries with otherwise few connections. Source H: Nuclear power: If Japan and Germany dont need it, why does anyone? Japan and Germany are the worlds third and fourth largest economies respectively. Following the Fukushima disaster, Germany and Japan discarded plans to build a number of new nuclear reactors. Currently, 30% of Japans electricity is provided by nuclear reactors and 25% of Germanys. The United Kingdom relies ofar less on nuclear power but aims to increase their nuclear electricity supply by building a number of new reactors. This article shows a movement away from nuclear energy and towards renewable recourses. A counter-argument is therefore put forward stating that the time of nuclear technology could be coming to an end, or at the very least nuclear technology is not as important as it may seem. Evaluation of Sources The Rise Of Nuclear Primacy Origin www.foreignaffairs.com is a reputable website dedicated to the interpretation of international incidents and the discussion thereof. This particular article was penned by Kier A. Lieber and Daryl G. Press in 2006. Purpose The article was written specifically to clarify the international pyramid. Where previously America and the Soviet Union stood on equal footing, followed closely by China, the world paradigm is now defined by American supremacy. This shift in authority and power has had a significant impact on world politics and diplomacy and needed to be outlined. Value Revealed by this source is the primary importance of nuclear power over almost all resources at a countrys disposal. Although both Russia and China outnumber America in manpower, the slightest nuclear advantage has dictated America to be the inevitable victor of a confrontation. In their military confidence, the US carries far more authority over the world, as displayed in unilateral action in Iraq in 2003 and Americas primary position within the NATO operations in Libya. The source further reveals that the uneasy alliance that existed between the US and the during the cold war Soviet Union was a direct result of nuclear capability. Should the threat of nuclear annihilation of both parties be absent, many incidences would have undoubtedly led to armed conflict. So although the relationship between the US and the USSR was astonishingly hostile, in comparison to the all-out clash that would have occurred on the battlefield, the relationship was a civil alliance. Limitation The limitation of this article lies in its theoretical foundation. There has never been an actual nuclear conflict in order to validate a claim that either party has absolute supremacy. However, the factual basis behind these theories (the comparative size of each nations nuclear arsenal) leads the source to maintain a great deal of validity. Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Origin This source was taken from the Encyclopedia Britannica; entry by Laurence D. Freedman. The Encyclopedia Britannica is amongst the most notable reference series in the world. Covering a wide range of topics, Encyclopedia Britannica is considered a reliable source of information covering a wide variety of topics. Purpose This article serves to clarify the history, nature, requirements and signatories of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. Evident from this article is the primary importance of three actors, The USA, the USSR and the UK, in the treaty. All three are nuclear powers and considered the primary signatories of the treaty. Thus the weight of a nuclear arsenal is identified. More so, as the treaty has been signed by all but three countries (Israel, Pakistan and India) we can see how central nuclear technology is to global politics. By refusing to participate in the treaty and thereby excluding themselves from the international forum, these three nations have alienated themselves and eliminated any negotiating authority or legitimacy that would accompany signing the treaty. Value The Non-proliferation treaty is uniquely unequal, as it obliges nonnuclear states to forgo development of nuclear weapons while allowing the established nuclear states to keep theirs. This one statement outlines the crux of the primary argument: with nuclear power comes great authority. The nuclear powers have dictated the terms of an unequal treaty and nonnuclear states have accepted these terms in the hope that the superpowers will assist them in developing nuclear power. Even though this inequality has been a great target for criticism it remains prominent due to the pull and influence of the primary signatories. Even though the NPT is widely accepted, the prospect of nuclear technology has led several countries to disregard it and pursue their own nuclear programs. Iraq, for example, is suspected of building uranium enrichment facilities and North Korea has simply left the treaty. This proves the value of nuclear technology over international coherency and cooperation. Limitation The source is both credited and limited by the lack of interpretation. The mere statement of facts minimizes the bias that would occur; however as these facts are not discussed they may be misinterpreted. Furthermore, the author of the article had carte blanche in deciding which information would be included. Therefore, it is highly probable that information, which would create a negative perception, or an overly positive perception, of any party, was excluded in order to maintain the image of objectivity. I.e. accuracy of the source may have been sacrificed to preserve illusional impartiality. Iran Tests Missiles Amid Nuclear Tension Origin CNN, an internationally acclaimed news agency released this article in 2009 on their global website. This article was written by one of their many journalists and is available to the public under the World heading of their website. Purpose In order to emphasize Irans deliberate aggravation of hostility during an already aggressive period, CNN publicized their testing of missile systems that could potentially be used for long-range nuclear attack. The article also served to exhibit Americas stance on Iran. Namely that Iran is perusing nuclear weaponry and the capacity to utilize it in warfare in the near future. Value From this evidence we can conclude that Iran is gaining significance within international politics. Until now a relatively unintimidating foe, Iran has gained status as a formidable force. This was achieved through the mere suspicion of a nuclear arsenal, highlighting the weight behind this destructive technology. Limitation As a reputable media agency, CNN is committed to uphold a journalistic ethic that would minimize the bias exhibited in the article. As much as possible, the facts are merely stated and personal agenda is set aside. Nevertheless, as a western news agency there is a high likely hood of a minimal bias exhibiting itself within the article, as the article tends to insinuate that Iran is a substantial threat to international security. Saudi Arabia Wont Wait For West On Irans Nuclear Program Origin This article was originally published on a website dedicated to discussion revolving around the Middle East: http://ww.al-monitor.com. It was written by an Israeli author; Eli Avidar and published by Maariv in Israel. Purpose The purpose of this article was to demonstrate that it is not only the West that fears the Iranian nuclear power; there are multiple Islamic nations that denounce the project and wish to see the end of Irans nuclear projects. This information enhances the gravity of the Middle Eastern nuclear crisis by reinforcing the danger radiating from Iran. Value In light of this incredible danger, the tensions are clarified and the significance of nuclear power in global politics is made explicit. The source goes further to highlight the importance of nuclear powers in the global hierarchy. America is sought after as a protector and this proves fruitless Pakistan is identified as a valuable ally purely due to their nuclear knowledge. Limitation However, there is clear bias in the source. The article was written by an Israeli and published by an Israeli company. Since Israel is a traditional enemy and antagonist of Iran, it is certain that the article would denounce Iran and present a point of view opposed to any project that could place Israel at risk. Thus, there is a distinct lack of fairness with regard to the representation of Irans intentions or capabilities. Consequentially, it is not well-defined whether or not there are such exasperated tensions in the Middle East, or if nuclear weapons play such a significant role in a nations international standing. Method Nuclear technology is a broad area with many applications. I chose to examine how nuclear technology has affected global relationships, both military and diplomatic. The reason why I chose this topic is because of past material covered in class; outlining mutual assured destruction, the Cuban missile crisis as well as the general hostility between the USA and the USSR. Before I began my investigation I read a number of useful Internet sites in order to better my background knowledge of nuclear weaponry. I also watched a documentary detailing the events of August 6th and 8th 1945. These sites had information regarding which states are seeking nuclear power, which states already have nuclear power, past uses of the technology (both civilian and military), as well as conflicts that have resulted (both indirectly and directly) from nuclear technology. Ultimately, I chose eight of the aforementioned websites to Include in my project. I then summarized each source and selected exactly whic h information was most relevant to my topic. This information would then be used to make specific points and draw conclusions within my assignment. For me, the primary benefit of this project was the discovery of vast quantities of historical information. Through this enlightenment, I was able to rationalize and clarify the impact of nuclear technology on the world I live in. Furthermore, this project afforded me the opportunity to develop argumentative skills using a reservoir of knowledge to ground and substantiate my ideas. Although I had a general direction in which I wished to proceed when I began my project, I lacked the necessary knowledge. This assignment therefore allowed me to develop my ability to research and enlighten myself in order to present enlightened and concise arguments. I enjoyed to opportunity to delve into a historical archive and make the connection between the world that was, the world that is and the factors that have shaped it as such. Processing of Findings Nuclear power is the defining characteristic of the twenty-first century. Political and military interactions are embedded with nuclear agenda, which has both shaped alliances and seen to their erosion. Below it will be discussed, with reference to multiple sources, how the USA has capitalized on their nuclear supremacy in order to establish themselves as the dominant, global super-power, the non-proliferation treaty (NPT) has set the foundation for the alliances and hostility present today and how the destructive capacity of nuclear weaponry has outweighed all other agenda and held the world in balance when chaos seemed imminent. The only definitive method of implementing global policy is armed conflict. Although the UN is able to pass binding resolutions, should a country merely dismiss these policies there is little the international community can do to ensure their implementation. Such was the case in 1990 when Iraq invaded Kuwait. Despite international condemnation of the move, Iraqi occupation of Kuwait continued until 1991 when the US general Powell announced the liberation of Kuwait as having been achieved. This liberation was achieved through a massive military intervention resulting in up to twenty-six-thousand Iraqi military casualties. (Source E) From this it is evident as to the rudimental nature of military supremacy in dictating international affairs. So what can be concluded of modern day supremacy? According to source A, America has surpassed Russian and Chinese in nuclear capability. In the past, there was a tangible prospect of America suffering a defeat due to the equal nuclear power of the USSR. The USSR therefore served as the only regulatory body on the United States in terms of limiting action through military force. Today, that regulation no longer exists. Should America act in a way that would ignite such large-scale warfare, the destruction of any opposition would be guaranteed by the USs military arsenal. The US is willing to resort to nuclear options; should the situation become so dire as demonstrated in 1945 with the nuclear strike on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. Effectively, America holds Carte Blanche and sits atop the global hierarchy of superpowers, and until such a time as a realistic opponent emerges; the American way is the only way. In light of depleting energy sources, nuclear energy has become a focal point for developing nations. Since 1957, one hundred and fifty-four nations have joined the International Atomic Energy Agency with the primary aim of developing nuclear power in their own country, and a secondary goal of assisting the construction of atomic power by signatory states. (Sources F;G) This international co-operation is on a massive scale; rarely seen in past politics. The pursuit of nuclear power has led to diplomatic relations between highly unlikely parties, such as India and Pakistan (both having joined the agency in 1957) outlining the notable impact that nuclear technology has had on transnational politics. The IAEA is a shining example of how nuclear technology has brought nations together; similar to the non-proliferation treaty. The primary objective of the NPT is nuclear disarmament and a hindered development of nuclear weaponry. (Sources B) This treaty consists of signatories ranging from superpower status, such as the USA, to non-nuclear countries and has provided a platform for diplomacy and mutual progress. Thus, a basis for alliance has been formed which serves as a deterrent for any member to act in detriment of NPT signatory nations. Conversely, the NPT has embedded a fault between member and non-member parties. Those countries that have refused to sign the treaty (i.e. Israel, Pakistan and India) and those that have opted out (i.e. North Korea) have severely limited their ability to interact with the global community and form such alliances. (Source B) Consequently, the alliance and beneficial cooperation that exists due to membership of the NPT do not extend to these rogue nations. The question looms: Why would they refuse to sign the treaty if their nuclear intentions were peaceful and condonable? This question would give rise to substantial fear and tension towards the NPT outliers. While it is evident that nuclear technology has set the foundation for the interaction and collaboration of global parties, as well as the minor disassociation of other states, nuclear power continues to provoke hostility and antipathy today. In September 2007, Iran launched short, medium and long ranged missiles in a series of tests they called The Great Prophet 4 (Payghamber-e Azam 4). These tests closely followed an announcement by Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad informing the world that Iran had begun construction of another uranium enrichment facility. There is already speculation, primarily by Israel and America, that Iran intends to acquire nuclear weaponry, and this suspicion has realigned the perception of Irans missile test. (Source C) Without a nuclear threat, the international community would have respected advancements in the military capabilities of a nation. However, the intensive fear surrounding atomic arsenals has lead to a defensive reaction by the West, as well as an escalation of the tensions that today are feared will lead to all-out war. This is a primary example of how nuclear technology has forced a rift between Iran and the USA and reshaped international politics in favour of a substantial enmity. However, nuclear technology has not only reinforced the relationships that were in place previously. The Arab nations of the Middle East have been able to preserve relatively stable relationships with one another. Nevertheless, Iranian nuclear pursuits have lead Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Jordan and The United Arab Emirates to seek closer ties to the West in dread of the consequences should Iran reach nuclear superpower status. (Source D) Thus, there has been a substantial shift in the Middle Eastern paradigm that has lead to the dissolution of what has previously been considered an unwavering coalition. Faced with growing unrest, the world has looked to find any mitigating force to prevent the implosion of modern society. Ironically, the only force powerful enough to prevent nuclear action is the threat of nuclear action. Referring once again to source B, it becomes obvious that large-scale warfare between the USA and the USSR was prevented by the prospect of the other resorting to nuclear attack. Due to the magnitude of the nuclear arsenals on both sides of the Iron Curtain, a nuclear strike would be met with equal force before the strike could be completed. This back and forth of nuclear warheads would ultimately result in the annihilation of both superpowers. The prospect of reciprocal ruin was coined MAD Mutual Assured Destruction. (Source A) MAD has been a pinnacle point in the peace process by preventing warfare at a level scarcely imaginable. Nuclear weaponry is the only foolproof asset in assuring that cold war remains cold. Clearly, the ultimate power in our world today is nuclear power; whether it is destruction or peace, alliance or hostility, nuclear weaponry is an irremovable part of the political process. There are many who believe that the impact of nuclear technology is lessening. Recently, Germany and Japan have taken substantial to reduce future dependency on nuclear energy. Both countries have aborted projects to build further nuclear power stations despite nuclear powers enormous contribution towards their total energy provision. (Source H) This displays a different mentality; nuclear technology is replaceable. There is obviously very little regard for the value of nuclear power on behalf of the aforementioned countries and in such they have removed all ability for other countries to base alliances, enmities or any negotiations on nuclear leverage short of a direct threat. It can be argued that the only power nuclear power has is that which we give it. By giving nuclear power no standing, Japan and Germany have freed themselves from the bonds of an atomic civilization. From this point of view, nuclear power is largely irrelevant. However, this stance has ignored the weaponry aspect of nuclear technology. As nuclear weaponry is the most powerful to date, it still plays a pivotal role in armed conflict both preventative measure and as a tool for leverage. Furthermore, the article that discusses Germany and Japans valiant move to halt nuclear development also considers the sizeable nuclear infrastructure already in place. The existing nuclear power plants provide Thirty percent of Japans electricity and twenty-five percent of Germanys. Therefore, the source contradicts itself and highlights the immense importance of nuclear technology. Conclusion From the evidence presented it is conclusive that nuclear power has been central to the evolution to an American headed world governed by nations of power and undermined by unpredictability. The extent of nuclear threat remains unknown, due to factors such as MAD theory, however one thing is certain: society lives and breathes at the discretion of the men with artillery. A century ago this was unimaginable, but with the development of nuclear weaponry the total destruction of cities, countries and more has become an all too real possibility. In the forthcoming years Russian nuclear threat is minimal, however the West is wary of the rapidly advancing Iranian nuclear program as well as nuclear ability of nations such as North Korea. However, the world is dominated by the most formidable of the nuclear giants the United States of America. Through their dominance, the USA holds a trump card in dictating the ultimate end of any global decision. After all, the only definitive force in international politics is military force. The subject of nuclear development has led to the formation of alliances and cooperative, as is the case for Pakistan and India, America and Israel and much more. It has also severed ties between the closest of friends and reinforced the hostility between the bitterest of enemies. For example, Saudi Arabia and Iran, and America and Iran. Nuclear power has also presented itself as a means of preserving peace, as unstable as it may be, rather than only being a tool for war. This was exhibited in the cold war in the unstable, but non-violent relationship between America and Russia. While many believe that nuclear technology is becoming decreasingly relevant, the entrenchment of nuclear power, weaponry and diplomacy in society today cannot be ignored. There is no dodging the issue; we live in an atomic world governed by nuclear politics. We rise and sleep under the protection of a nuclear blanket that exists to counteract a nuclear threat. Nuclear technology has shaped the world in conformity with the convenience of nuclear powers and set the foundation for many expanding nations to develop. Nuclear technology has played such a pivotal role in the development of modern-day Earth, that the sun may as well be a light bulb powered by Koeberg Nuclear Power Station.

Intercultural Tensions

Theme 1) Insiders and Outsiders: Although strategies for reducing intergroup tensions do exist, it is unlikely that misunderstandings and hostility can ever be entirely eliminated: agree or disagree. Name: Student #: Seminar Section: Professor: Class: Course Code: Due: Submitted: It is through extensive research in international relationships with the ever-present theme of insiders and outsiders that this essay has been cultivated. While strategies to reduce intergroup tensions exist; religious, ethnic and racial reasons will continue to cause violence and disputes in the international community and will never come to an end. For centuries, discrimination between races has caused harm in society through slavery and segregation. Ethnic cleansing, ethnic pluralism, multiculturalism and any other attempts made to bring ethnicities together or to separate them are too often the causes of disputes and wars. Religion has produced an immeasurable amount of damage worldwide to society, and is one of the largest creators of separation between people. The above statements will be examined further in the following portion of the document. It will use; wars, disputes, bad political decisions and the past thousand years of history to express the point that intergroup tensions will always exist. Religious tensions Religion is one of the greatest proponents for violence between people of all time. Christianity has caused wars since it was erected roughly two thousand years ago, not to mention, the religious wars that were fought before that time. Some explain the violence as consequences of different religion’s dogmas, to their specific faith. For instance, if a person lives their life abiding by the Ten Commandments and following Jesus then hey can go to heaven. However, that means that they must sacrifice their ability to steal, kill, covet thy neighbour’s wife, et cetera. Now, if a person from another religion is also sacrificing certain actions so that they can reach their promised afterlife, then there is a direct conflict on a religious basis in that monotheistic world. If these made up people both bel ieve that there is only one god, and they are both under different expectations in order to be allowed into the holy afterlife, then of course there will be conflict. When considered on a much larger scale, the conflict becomes increasingly dangerous. The war between the United States and Iraq right now was started over religion. The Islamic terrorist organization Al-Qaeda attacked U. S. soil on September 11th 2001 in the name of Allah, which caused the U. S. to retaliate. Currently, the war is still prevailing, seven years later. There are many efforts to end the war in Iraq however after analysis of the situation, the answer is that the soldiers must stay there as a present force. Ethnic Tensions Persistent clashes among ethnicities are a major indicator of the never-ending hostility and misunderstanding of cultures. Ethnic pluralism has caused countries to revaluate their heterogeneousness, labour migration and expulsion, which has caused interethnic catastrophes that often result in civil war. When different ethnicities start migrating into an area the locals of that land become worried about preserving their culture. This worrying, usually evolves into negative impacts on the community due to hostility felt towards the forced change on the locals. The term â€Å"ethnicity† is defined as a way to identify characteristics, such as cuisine, traditions, common ancestors or nationality to a specific group. From that, the volatile actions and conflicts that are disputed among ethnicities are more understandable when considering the family involved. The sense to protect ones family may provoke a person to fight, â€Å"If group members are potential kinsmen, a threat to any member of the group may be seen in somewhat the same light as a threat to the family. † (Horowitz, 1991, p. 4). The hostility against other ethnicities comes from the inherent will to protect ones family members. One of the most famous ethnic disputes is that which is fought over the Gaza Strip, â€Å"Perhaps the longest-lasting, and still problematic ethnic clash is that of the Israelis and the Palestinians. † (McCannon, 2006, p. 411). Even after establishing peace for over half a decade in the 1990s the Israelis and Palestinians returned to war with each other. The strategy of a cease-fire between Palestine and Israel temporarily stopped the war between the two countries, however, the persistency of continuous ethnic conflict prevailed. Racial Tensions Tensions between races are still very common all over the world and discrimination will continue to separate races. A recent study proves that in the new millennium people of different colours feel the need to have more distance in between them. The traditional more abrupt style of racism is less commonly used, however, now it is a quieter type of discrimination. The term used for the racism today is called institutional racism. It is a way of tactically disadvantaging specific races through policies and barriers to employment. It keeps the black community in the poor houses with the low paying jobs and bad health. An example of institutional discrimination hurting the ethnicities and races is bank loans. The bank has set up a system of which they follow in order to see who is applicable for a loan. One of the features of the bank’s system is calculating who is in the highest financial percentile group. Seeing as white males have dominated the business world for hundreds of years the bank considers the white male to be in the top percentile group. This would then give the white male the advantage for a loan over a black male because their average incomes are not as much as the white male group. The way this bank system works in the first place is only benefiting white males, which is discriminatory towards all other races and ethnicities. The whole political and institutional system needs to be reviewed and reconstructed in order to create equality among all races. This is unlikely to happen soon because it is a functional system, and possible replacements could wreak havoc across the U. S. So the racial discriminated against populous is left to wait for a new system that is not racist. The intergroup conflict continues once again without resolve. Conclusion To compile everything covered so far, the following are strong proponents for why the intergroup tensions are forever existent. The religious wars that have been continuously destroying lives and whole countries for thousands of year will not ever reside in peace. The large scope of ethnicities around the globe have the opportunity to reframe from wars and complete turmoil, however, they choose to continue fighting regardless of peace treaties. The racially discriminated against population in North America, primarily the United States, are subjected to many more years of institutional racism. Finally, to conclude the point that has been reiterated over and over again. Even though strategies to reduce intergroup tensions do exist, the global system will be plagued with hostility and misunderstandings because of religious, ethnic and racial conflicts. Works Cited 1. McCannon, J. (Ed. ). (2006). Barron's how to prepare for the ap world history advanced placement exam. New York City, New York: Barron's Educational Series. 2. Frymer, P. (2005). 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Sekulic, D. , Massey, G. , & Hodson, R. (2006). Ethnic intolerance and ethnic conflict in the dissolution of Yugoslavia.. Ethnic & Racial Studies. 29, 797-827, 30 10. Horowitz, D L. (1991). Ethnic groups in conflict. Los Angeles, California: Berkeley University Press. 1-66, 4.